MATRIX
  • MATRIX
    • NeuraMATRIX
      • Metatron
        • Redefining BCI Hardware with Precision, Power, and Privacy
      • Matrix AI Network Launches NeuraMATRIX:
        • Redefining Brain-Computer Interfaces with Cutting-Edge Hardware and Blockchain Technology
        • The Values
      • Event
        • NeuraMATRIX Open Platform Launch Event
      • Overview
      • Features
      • Brainwave Acquisition Hardware
      • Algrithm
      • Manual
      • Neura MATRIX: Bridging Brainwaves and Blockchain to Revolutionize the Future of Web3 (3/3)
      • Neura MARTIX——用脑波链接Web 3.0时代 (3/3)
      • Neura MATRIX: Bridging Brainwaves and Blockchain to Revolutionize the Future of Web3 (2/3)
      • Neura MARTIX——用脑波链接Web 3.0时代 (2/3)
      • Neura MATRIX: Bridging Brainwaves and Blockchain to Revolutionize the Future of Web3 (1/3)
      • Neura MARTIX——用脑波链接Web 3.0时代 (1/3)
  • FAQ of MATRIX AI Network
    • 1. Why does MATRIX exist?
    • 2. What is the vision and mission of Matrix?
    • 3. What are main features of MATRIX?
    • 4. How is MATRIX different?
    • 5. What exactly does MATRIX do?
    • 6. What is Matrix's consensus mechanism?
    • 7. What problems does the matrix solve?
    • 8. What makes The Matrix different? Why is it better?
    • 9. Can the Matrix be hacked?
    • 10. Is the old team still alive? How many people work in the team?
    • 11. What is the ticker?
    • 12. Where can I buy MAN coins?
    • 13. When we look at BSCscan, we see that all coins are kept in a single wallet. Is this true ?
    • 14. What is the token economy of Matrix? What is the total supply of MAN?
    • 15. Is MAN still an erc20 token? Where can I store MAN?
    • 16. My man tokens are still an erc20, how do I revert them to mainnet coins?
    • 17. Will there be a halving for MAN as in Bitcoin?
    • 18. From which accounts can I follow Matrix?
    • 19. What are your platforms and projects based on Artificial Intelligence?
    • 20. How can I contact you for more questions?
    • 21. What specs you using for Matrix node?
    • 22. What makes Matrix different from other artificial intelligence projects and companies?
    • 23. What is the Matrix Bio-Wallet?
  • AIRTIST
    • AIRTIST—Matrix’s Great Venture into AI Art
    • Introduction of AIRTIST
    • The Past and Present of AI Art
  • APEX
    • APEX: AI-Algorithmic-Stablecoin-to-Foreign-Currency Exchange Protocol
    • AI + ASC: The Future of DeFi
  • Energy Friendliness
    • Matrix AI - the solution for sustainable crypto mining
    • Matrix——More Public Benefit for Crypto Mining
    • New Direction for Public Chains in the Carbon Neutral Future
    • Unmanned Mine by Matrix and TBEA: Ushering in the Era of Energy 4.0 (1/3)
    • Unmanned Mine by Matrix and TBEA: Ushering in the Era of Energy 4.0 (2/3)
    • Unmanned Mine by Matrix and TBEA: Ushering in the Era of Energy 4.0 (3/3)
  • General
    • Release of Upgraded Web Wallet and Bounty Event
    • Important Announcement on ERC-20 Swap
    • Announcement about Manual Swap
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实 (4)
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (4)
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实 (3)
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (3)
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (2)
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实(2)
    • Website Update and Bounty Event
    • Block Reward Reduction
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (1)
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实
    • What Makes Matrix AI Different?
    • The Belt and Road Summary
    • Matrix——Catalyst for the AI Big Bang
    • Matrix and The Belt and Road
    • An Introduction to Wormhole
    • Intro to AutoML
    • Data, Computing, and Blockchain: The Fate of the Metaverse
    • A Brief History of Metaverse
    • 什么是虫洞/Wormhole?
    • MATRIX At A Glance (1.0 and 2.0)
    • Summary of MATRIX 1.0 and MATRIX 2.0
  • BioWallet
    • Suppose you could travel back in time to 2010, how much Bitcoin would you buy?
    • Matrix生态矩阵又添黑科技:指静脉识别Bio-Wallet安全钱包
    • Matrix Announces BioWallet to Make Crypto Funds More Secure
      • Matrix AI Network Bio-Wallet Content Contest
    • Matrix AI Network Bio-Wallet Content Contest
    • Matrix- PR Distribution
    • Matrix BioWallet Covered at Bloomberg
  • Guides
    • Matrix App Installation Process
    • How To get blacklisted Validator and Miners
    • User Guide for Matrix IDE
    • Things I wish I knew before using DEX-es and trading tokens
    • Sending a MAN transaction(JS, NodeJS), Intermediate level
    • Sending a MAN transaction(Java + Maven), Intermediate level
    • Reading a smart contract function (JS, NodeJS)
    • Matrix Mainnet Cross-chain Transfer Guide——BSC
    • man.json with new nodes info
    • How to Manually Move MAN Coins to Ledger
    • How to Create a Matrix Smart Contract
    • Generating a Vanity Address(JS, NodeJS), Beginner level
    • Distributed AutoML User Guide
    • Determine the addresses with activity and their respective balances for a specified number of blocks
    • Deploying a smart contract on Matrix AI Network using Truffle (Demo)
    • Create Mining Masternodes in Ubuntu (Linux) with Matrix AI Network
    • Matrix AI Network integration tutorials — Part 1: Converting an ETH address to MAN address (JS, Node
    • Calling a smart contract function (JS, NodeJS)
    • Accessing block info(JS, NodeJS), Beginner level
    • $MAN Staking Guide
    • Create a Portfolio
    • Matrix Mainnet Cross-chain Transfer Guide——BSC
    • Decentralized AI Economy Starts Here
    • How to Issue a Token Using Matrix Smart Contracts
    • How to Check the Validators and Miners of Each Mining Cycle?
    • Android Wallet for Test (III)
    • MANTA Miner Deployment
    • How to Issue a Token Using Matrix Smart Contracts
  • MANAS
    • MANAS—Empower AI with Blockchain
    • MANAS’s Business Model and Proxy Promotion Mechanism
    • MANAS—Make a Better Metaverse
    • MANAS Q&A
    • MANAS Source Code Uploaded to GitHub
    • MANAS Deployed to Matrix Mainnet
  • MANIA
    • MANIA—A New World of the Integration of NFT and AI
    • MANIA AI-Assisted NFT Trading
  • MANTA
    • Empowering Sora with MANTA from Matrix AI Network: Bridging the Computational Divide
    • Guide for Downloading Datasets
    • MANTA Update Announcement
    • Morpheus, intro
    • MANTA主网矿机部署文档
    • MANTA Mainnet Miner Deployment Guide
    • Distributed AutoML Front-end Functions and Panel
    • MANTA—The Brain of Tomorrow’s Metaverse
    • MANTA Miner Deployment
    • MANTA Welcomes Important Partners in Its Tests
  • MATRIX 1.0
  • MATRIX 2.0
  • MATRIX 3.0
    • Development Plan Q1–2025
    • Update to Milestones 4 and 5 of Phase 1
    • Update to Milestone 3
    • MATRIX 3.0 Phase 1 Stage 1 Deliverables — 2
    • MATRIX 3.0 Phase 1 Stage 1 Deliverables — 1
    • Morpheus
    • Avatar Intelligence: The Next Stop in the Web3 World
    • Web3世界的下一站 —— Avatar Intelligence
    • Matrix 3.0 Blueprint and Event Winner Announcement
    • Blueprint
  • Bi-Weekly Reports
    • 2025年5月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of May 2025
    • 2025年4月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of April 2025
    • 2025年4月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of April 2025
    • 2025年3月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of March 2025
    • 2025年3月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of March 2025
    • 2025年2月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of February 2025
    • 2025年2月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of February 2025
    • 2025年1月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of January 2025
    • 2025年1月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of January 2025
    • 2024年12月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of December 2024
    • 2024年12月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of December 2024
    • 2024年11月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of November 2024
    • 2024年11月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of November 2024
    • 2024年10月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of October 2024
    • 2024年10月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of October 2024
    • 2024年9月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of September 2024
    • 2024年9月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of September 2024
    • 2024年8月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of August 2024
    • 2024年8月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of August 2024
    • 2024年7月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of July 2024
    • 2024年7月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of July 2024
    • 2024年6月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of June 2024
    • 2024年6月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of June 2024
    • 2024年5月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of May 2024
    • 2024年5月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of May 2024
    • 2024年4月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of April 2024
    • 2024年4月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of April 2024
    • 2024年3月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of March 2024
    • 2024年3月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of March 2024
    • 2024年2月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of February 2024
    • 2024年2月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of February 2024
    • 2024年1月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of January 2024
    • 2024年1月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of January 2024
    • 2023年12月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of December 2023
    • 2023年12月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of December 2023
    • 2023年11月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of November 2023
    • 2023年11月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of November 2023
    • 2023年10月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of October 2023
    • 2023年10月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of October 2023
    • 2023年9月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of September 2023
    • 2023年9月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of September 2023
    • 2023年8月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of August 2023
    • 2023年8月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of August 2023
    • 2023年7月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of July 2023
    • 2023年7月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of July 2023
    • 2023年6月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of June 2023
    • 2023年6月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of June 2023
    • 2023年5月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of May 2023
    • 2023年5月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of May 2023
    • 2023年4月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of April 2023
    • 2023年4月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of April 2023
    • 2023年3月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of March 2023
    • 2023年3月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of March 2023
    • 2023年2月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of February 2023
    • 2023年2月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of February 2023
    • 2023年1月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of January 2023
    • 2023年1月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of January 2023
    • 2022年12月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of December 2022
    • 1st Report Of December 2022
    • 2nd Report Of November 2022
    • 1st Report Of November 2022
    • 2nd Report Of October 2022
    • 1st Report Of October 2022
    • 2nd Report Of September 2022
    • 1st Report Of September 2022
    • 2nd Report Of August 2022
    • 1st Report Of August 2022
    • 2nd Report Of July 2022
    • 1st Report Of July 2022
    • 2nd Report Of June 2022
  • AMA
    • October 2023 AMA
    • Sept 2023 AMA
    • MATRIX AMA - MAY 2023
    • Matrix April AMA Transcript
    • Matrix 3.0 Special AMA Transcript
    • AMA 1 on Neuroscience
    • AMA 2 on Neuroscience
    • April 2023 AMA
    • March 2023 AMA
    • MEXC北美AMA成绩单
    • MEXC North America AMA transcript
    • AMA成绩单-神经科学家为矩阵社区回答问题!
    • AMA Transcript - Neuroscientist Answered Questions for Matrix Community!
    • KuCoin Official Arabic Telegram Group Ask-Me-Anything (AMA) [ 3 March]
    • February 2023 AMA
    • KuCoin Official Japanese Telegram Group Ask-Me-Anything (AMA) [20 February]
    • January 2023 AMA
    • December AMA is Live
    • November AMA Transcript
    • October AMA Transcript
    • September AMA Transcript
    • August AMA Transcript
    • July AMA Transcript
    • 2022-06-AMA-Transcripts
  • MATRIX Fact Sheet
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 1-10
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 11-20
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 21-30
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 31-40
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 41-50
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 51-60
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 61-70
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 71-80
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 81-90
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 91-98
  • Android Wallet
    • Android Wallet for Test (III)
    • Android MAN Wallet For Test (II)
    • Android MAN Wallet For Test
  • CEO’s Message
    • MCP for Distributed AI Agents
    • Integrating MCP into MATRIX Blockchain!
    • Model Context Protocol on Blockchain!
    • Important Remarks from Our CEO
    • New message from Hong Kong!
    • Q1 2025 Development Plan
    • Happy Chinese New Year 2025
    • Strategic Partnership Between MATRIX and Blink.TV
    • New Year's message from Matrix AI Network CEO, Owen TAO!
    • Jehol Capital Foundation takes over ERC-20 MAN tokens
    • MAN will be listed on MEXC
    • 2022 Christmas Message
    • 2022 Mid-Autumn Festival Message
    • Goodbye 2021, Hooray 2022
  • M-Port
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information (IV)
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information (III)
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information (II)
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information
  • Team
    • Head/Manager of Ecosystem Development
    • Appointment
  • Event
    • Matrix KARMA EVENT: Participate, Contribute, Earn $MAN!
    • Web3 Mentor Naming Contest – Winners Announcement!
    • NeuraMATRIX Open Platform Launch Event Winners Announcement
    • Mid-Autumn Festival Contest Winners Announcement
    • MidAutumn Festival Contest : Capture the Magic of the Full Moon!
    • Give It a Name Contest Winners Announcements
    • AUGUST AMA WORD HUNT EVENT WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • Give It a Name Contest
    • MATRIX AUGUST AMA WORD HUNT EVENT
    • JULY AMA WORD HUNT EVENT WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • MATRIX AWARDED WORD HUNT EVENT
    • The Rewarding PERSONA Test Winners Announcement
    • The Rewarding PERSONA Test: Dive Into AI Innovation!
    • EXCITING ENGAGEMENT COMPETITION WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • EXCITING ENGAGEMENT COMPETITION
    • MATRIX LEARN & EARN EVENT
    • Zealy Giveaway Winners Announcement
    • MATRIX GIVEAWAY EVENT
    • NEW YEAR EVENT WİNNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • New Year Event Begins!
    • MATRIX TELEGRAM CHALLENGE WINNER ANNOUNCEMENT
    • MATRIX TELEGRAM CHALLENGE
    • OCTOBER QUIZ EVENT WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • OCTOBER QUİZ EVENT
    • Stage One Deliverables Event Winners Announcement
    • Stage One Deliverables Event
    • Guessing Contest Event
    • 📢 We're pleased to announce our Next #AMA with Matrix AI Network at Binance Live On 8 June 2:00 PM
    • Learn how #AI & #VR unlocks new realities in crypto in our next Twitter Space with
    • Join the MATRIX on Zealy.io and Win Big!
    • HK Web 3 Festival
    • AMA with MEXC
    • Matrix AI Network & Neuroscience AMA Question Collection
    • Matrix AI Network Birthday cum Chinese New Year Video & Photo Contest
    • Matrix Ambassador—Knight
    • Ambassador Program
    • Website Update and Bounty Event, Announcement of the Winners
    • New Year's Letter Challenge
  • Morpheus
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第四部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 4)
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第三部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 3)
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第二部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 2)
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第一部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 1)
    • We're thrilled to invite you to join us in testing the remarkable Morpheus Upgrade 2.0
    • Unveiling the Matrix AI Network Morpheus Upgrade
    • A Bilingual Pretrained Model Based on MATRIX Mainnet
    • Morpheus Available For Initial Testing
  • Media
    • MATRIX AI Network CEO Owen Tao Shares Vision for Web3, BCI, and AI at Jinse 星享会 in Hong Kong
    • 首席执行官Owen TAO在数字全景峰会上讨论Web3中的人工智能和BCI
    • CEO Owen TAO Discusses AI and BCI in Web3 at Digital Panorama Summit
    • Matrix AI Network and DEPIN
    • Blending neuroscience with AI on blockchain: Matrix AI Network and NeuraMatrix partnership
  • 3.0/Neuroscience
    • NeuraMatrix – The Better Neural Link for MetaVerse
    • NeuraMatrix – A Better Neural Link for the Metaverse
    • NeuraMatrix – The Better Neural Link for MetaVerse
    • NeuraMatrix – A Better Neural Link for the Metaverse
  • Intelligent Contract
    • Advancements of Intelligent Contract Version 2
    • 智慧合约里程碑交付
    • Intelligent Contract Milestone Update:
    • Revolutionizing Smart Contract Development with Accessibility and Security
    • Intelligent Contract Testing: Explore the Future of Smart Contracts
    • 智能合约
    • Intelligent Contract
  • DEPIN
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (4/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (4/4)
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (3/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (3/4)
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (2/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (2/4)
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (1/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (1/4)
  • AI Agent
    • Contextus: The Context Management and Routing Hub of MATRIX (3/3)
    • Contextus:MATRIX 的上下文管理与路由中枢(3/3)
    • Contextus: The Context Management and Routing Hub of MATRIX (2/3)
    • Contextus:MATRIX 的上下文管理与路由中枢(2/3)
    • Contextus: The Context Management and Routing Hub of MATRIX (1/3)
    • Contextus:MATRIX 的上下文管理与路由中枢(1/3)
    • Your ultimate web3 guide MANTOR is LIVE!
    • Give It a Name Contest – Help Us Name Our AI Agent Web3 Mentor!
    • How Can Web3 Mentor Help You?
    • MATRIX’s AI Agent Core Modules
    • The Matrix's first AI Agent is on the way!
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 4)
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 3)
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 2)
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 1)
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  • 无创与侵入式技术争论的开端
  • 无创脑机接口
  • 非侵入式技术的扩展
  • 非侵入式脑机接口的应用
  1. General

从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实(2)

PreviousFrom Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (2)NextWebsite Update and Bounty Event

Last updated 2 years ago

无创与侵入式技术争论的开端

2005年左右,脑机接口研究重新成为生物医学工程的研究热点。那年夏天在美国纽约州Albany的一个山谷里召开了一次脑机接口国际会议,参加人数超过百人。这次会议集中了世界上最早一批进入脑机接口领域的研究者,他们对发现新的脑电诱发方法,开发脑电信号处理方法等等都有独到的创新。

大会主席是纽约州Wadsworth Center的Jonathan Wolpaw教授,他认为没有创伤的头皮脑电是脑机接口技术的未来,像霍金这样的运动残疾的病人只要带上脑电帽,就可以记录和识别一些简单的脑电活动,再加上计算机模式识别的帮助,就可以实现打字、控制轮椅等简单任务了。Wolpaw博士是一位包容的学者,他注意到另一类有创伤的脑机接口技术也取得了很大的进展,这类BCI通过外科手术,把硅电极阵列埋进大脑内部,获取大脑运动区的神经细胞放电,计算机解析后用来控制屏幕光标或机械手移动。这种技术虽然控制精细操作自如,但手术创伤的代价是不可避免的。布朗大学John Donoghue教授是有创脑机接口的主要代表,也被Wolpaw教授邀请来做大会报告。会上的争论非常激烈,有创和无创两种脑机接口技术之间的较量由此开始。

无创脑机接口

想想一下当你在阅读这篇文章时,如果戴上一个脑电帽,上面规则地排满金属电极(通常是银和氯化银电极),在每个电极位置小心地注入导电胶(通常是氯化钠和胶黏剂的混合物),让你的头皮通过导电胶和金属电极接触,再连接上生物电放大器,这时候就会在你前额和后脑勺的电极上检测到微弱的电位变化。这个电位变化反映你集中注意力的水平,但却无法检测你读到的文字和具体的思维活动。如果把我们的大脑比喻成一个巨大的体育场,那么里面的观众就是神经细胞,他们都在自由地“交谈”。要想听到每个人说话的内容,只能在每个人附近放个麦克风,这种探测只能进入体育场内。对我们的大脑来说,就要通过打开脑袋的外科手术来实现。为了避免手术创伤,我们把麦克风放在体育场外,也就是在脑袋表面贴上电极。体育场外的麦克风当然不能分辨里面每个人的讲话,但如果场内发生了很大的动静,例如大家都在为进球欢呼,场外便能听到;同样道理,贴在头皮表面的脑电电极无法分辨每个神经细胞的活动,但可以探测脑内“非常大的活动”,通常这种活动是很多神经细胞共同的活动,正如体育场里的半场或者全场欢呼。

这个比喻说明了脑电是个低分辨率的神经传感技术。依照电磁场理论,脑电的空间分辨率在一厘米左右,也就是说一厘米范围内的神经细胞活动,对于脑电电极来说是不可区分的。如果有人宣称可以用头皮外面的脑电来解读精细的思维活动,例如探测你正在阅读的文字、心算的数字、回忆的内容等,都是天方夜谭。

那么,为什么Albany脑机接口大会上还有那么多人研究基于脑电的非侵入式脑机接口呢?当然是因为它没有创伤,正常人也可以用。如果你能设计出精巧的视觉或听觉刺激,能让脑机接口的使用者把自己的“简单思维”通过注意力或者想象机制加载到自己的脑电波上,你就可以分析使用者的脑电波,提取出他的“简单思维”。这是一种间接的“思维解读”,实际上是把脑电作为信息的载体,有点类似通讯系统的调制和解调制。Jonathan Wolpaw的研究组就是通过研究一种和注意力有关的事件诱发电位P300来实现脑机接口打字的。P300电位是当大脑检测到小概率的外界刺激,或者在一连串重复事件中检测到新奇事件时出现的,这个电位活动最强的位置往往在头顶中央。因为电压是正的,峰值大概在事件发生后300毫秒,所以被称为P300 (P for Positive)。如果把字母表随机重复一遍,当你希望选择的那个字母出现的时候,你的头顶中央就会检测到一个P300电位,而其他不相干的字母出现时,P300电位不会出现。如果我们把26个字母和键盘按键精巧地排列起来,快速地随机在计算机屏幕上闪现,同时检测你的P300脑电,就可以分析出你要选择输入的字母。Wolpaw研究组把P300应用于脑电打字的脑机接口,取得了很大的成功。这种设计的明显的缺点是,屏幕上的字母需要不停闪烁,用户会产生视觉疲劳;另外,P300脑电波的个体差异较大,给检测算法带来挑战。

非侵入式技术的扩展

也许你会觉得这样的脑机接口不够自然,还需要外界的视觉刺激来配合。能不能只是想一想,就能通过脑电读出来?由于上面提到的脑电的低分辨率,精细的“想法”是无法解读的。唯一例外是“运动想象”,当想象左手、右手或者脚的运动时,可以在头顶向两耳外侧延展的带状区域(感觉运动带)安放脑电电极,检测出这三种想象状态的差别。背后的生理基础是感觉运动带的功能划分与身体的不同部位相对应:左手的感觉运动由带状区域的右边部分负责,右手则由左边负责,形成对侧交叉,而下肢和脚部由中间区域负责;由于左右脚的负责区域都在头皮中间,所以左右脚是无法区分的。如果在这三个区域(感觉运动带的左中右)分别放上脑电电极,理想情况下,检测这三个位置的脑电活动强度变化,就可以推测你是在想象左手、右手还是脚的运动了。当然,你在真的运动手脚时,这三个位置的脑电活动变化更加清晰强烈。这个简单的对应规律,通过功能磁共振成像可以很清晰地展示出来。因为头皮表面的脑电非常微弱,有效信号只有微伏量级,而且淹没在很大的电学和生理噪声中,要准确地检测出左右手和脚的运动想象,还需要微弱信号的处理技术。感觉运动带的脑电主要能量变化集中在10赫兹和20赫兹附近,即所谓的脑电alpha波段和beta波段。通常需要把采集到的脑电信号进行滤波,把包含关键信号的alpha和beta频段能量变化提取出来,送入一个训练好的分类算法,才能最终完成对脑电信号的准确翻译。

非侵入式脑机接口的应用

如果我们有高性能的脑电帽和放大器、识别准确率高的算法,就能让脑电波来控制屏幕光标、假肢、轮椅,甚至机器人。因为脑电只能检测出三种想象状态的差别,所以最多只能控制三个操作:左转、右转和前进。通过特殊的训练和精巧的程序设计,少数人能够控制二维和三维空间目标的移动,例如美国明尼苏达大学Bin He教授实验室演示的脑电遥控无人机飞行。最有戏剧性的演示是2014年巴西足球世界杯开幕式上的开球,这大概是历史上最特别的一次:一位下肢残疾的巴西青年在脑机接口技术的帮助下,用自己的脑电控制一套下肢外骨骼(机械假肢)踢出了第一脚球,其原理就是上面介绍的运动想象脑机接口。

这些演示犹如科幻,让人惊叹。为什么这样的技术还没有应用到临床,帮助哪些重度残疾的病人重新获得运动能力?目前的技术困难一方面在脑电极。前面交代过,要获得高质量、稳定的脑电信号,需要在电极和头皮之间注入导电胶,这种胶体适合于两小时内的短期使用,时间长了就会干结,其中的离子运动受阻,脑电信号质量会大幅度下降,直至脑机接口系统无法工作;另一方面的难点是各种干扰的存在,例如环境中的电磁噪声、使用者体表的电生理信号等,甚至使用者的心理状态也会破坏系统的稳定性,很多脑机接口的识别算法离开实验室到了家居环境就无法稳定工作了。随着新的脑电传感器(例如干电极)和识别算法的不断改进,相信未来的脑电帽一定会帮助一部分丧失运动功能的病人重新体验运动的感觉,提高生活质量。