MATRIX
  • MATRIX
    • NeuraMATRIX
      • Metatron
        • Redefining BCI Hardware with Precision, Power, and Privacy
      • Matrix AI Network Launches NeuraMATRIX:
        • Redefining Brain-Computer Interfaces with Cutting-Edge Hardware and Blockchain Technology
        • The Values
      • Event
        • NeuraMATRIX Open Platform Launch Event
      • Overview
      • Features
      • Brainwave Acquisition Hardware
      • Algrithm
      • Manual
      • Neura MATRIX: Bridging Brainwaves and Blockchain to Revolutionize the Future of Web3 (3/3)
      • Neura MARTIX——用脑波链接Web 3.0时代 (3/3)
      • Neura MATRIX: Bridging Brainwaves and Blockchain to Revolutionize the Future of Web3 (2/3)
      • Neura MARTIX——用脑波链接Web 3.0时代 (2/3)
      • Neura MATRIX: Bridging Brainwaves and Blockchain to Revolutionize the Future of Web3 (1/3)
      • Neura MARTIX——用脑波链接Web 3.0时代 (1/3)
  • FAQ of MATRIX AI Network
    • 1. Why does MATRIX exist?
    • 2. What is the vision and mission of Matrix?
    • 3. What are main features of MATRIX?
    • 4. How is MATRIX different?
    • 5. What exactly does MATRIX do?
    • 6. What is Matrix's consensus mechanism?
    • 7. What problems does the matrix solve?
    • 8. What makes The Matrix different? Why is it better?
    • 9. Can the Matrix be hacked?
    • 10. Is the old team still alive? How many people work in the team?
    • 11. What is the ticker?
    • 12. Where can I buy MAN coins?
    • 13. When we look at BSCscan, we see that all coins are kept in a single wallet. Is this true ?
    • 14. What is the token economy of Matrix? What is the total supply of MAN?
    • 15. Is MAN still an erc20 token? Where can I store MAN?
    • 16. My man tokens are still an erc20, how do I revert them to mainnet coins?
    • 17. Will there be a halving for MAN as in Bitcoin?
    • 18. From which accounts can I follow Matrix?
    • 19. What are your platforms and projects based on Artificial Intelligence?
    • 20. How can I contact you for more questions?
    • 21. What specs you using for Matrix node?
    • 22. What makes Matrix different from other artificial intelligence projects and companies?
    • 23. What is the Matrix Bio-Wallet?
  • AIRTIST
    • AIRTIST—Matrix’s Great Venture into AI Art
    • Introduction of AIRTIST
    • The Past and Present of AI Art
  • APEX
    • APEX: AI-Algorithmic-Stablecoin-to-Foreign-Currency Exchange Protocol
    • AI + ASC: The Future of DeFi
  • Energy Friendliness
    • Matrix AI - the solution for sustainable crypto mining
    • Matrix——More Public Benefit for Crypto Mining
    • New Direction for Public Chains in the Carbon Neutral Future
    • Unmanned Mine by Matrix and TBEA: Ushering in the Era of Energy 4.0 (1/3)
    • Unmanned Mine by Matrix and TBEA: Ushering in the Era of Energy 4.0 (2/3)
    • Unmanned Mine by Matrix and TBEA: Ushering in the Era of Energy 4.0 (3/3)
  • General
    • Release of Upgraded Web Wallet and Bounty Event
    • Important Announcement on ERC-20 Swap
    • Announcement about Manual Swap
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实 (4)
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (4)
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实 (3)
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (3)
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (2)
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实(2)
    • Website Update and Bounty Event
    • Block Reward Reduction
    • From Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (1)
    • 从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实
    • What Makes Matrix AI Different?
    • The Belt and Road Summary
    • Matrix——Catalyst for the AI Big Bang
    • Matrix and The Belt and Road
    • An Introduction to Wormhole
    • Intro to AutoML
    • Data, Computing, and Blockchain: The Fate of the Metaverse
    • A Brief History of Metaverse
    • 什么是虫洞/Wormhole?
    • MATRIX At A Glance (1.0 and 2.0)
    • Summary of MATRIX 1.0 and MATRIX 2.0
  • BioWallet
    • Suppose you could travel back in time to 2010, how much Bitcoin would you buy?
    • Matrix生态矩阵又添黑科技:指静脉识别Bio-Wallet安全钱包
    • Matrix Announces BioWallet to Make Crypto Funds More Secure
      • Matrix AI Network Bio-Wallet Content Contest
    • Matrix AI Network Bio-Wallet Content Contest
    • Matrix- PR Distribution
    • Matrix BioWallet Covered at Bloomberg
  • Guides
    • Matrix App Installation Process
    • How To get blacklisted Validator and Miners
    • User Guide for Matrix IDE
    • Things I wish I knew before using DEX-es and trading tokens
    • Sending a MAN transaction(JS, NodeJS), Intermediate level
    • Sending a MAN transaction(Java + Maven), Intermediate level
    • Reading a smart contract function (JS, NodeJS)
    • Matrix Mainnet Cross-chain Transfer Guide——BSC
    • man.json with new nodes info
    • How to Manually Move MAN Coins to Ledger
    • How to Create a Matrix Smart Contract
    • Generating a Vanity Address(JS, NodeJS), Beginner level
    • Distributed AutoML User Guide
    • Determine the addresses with activity and their respective balances for a specified number of blocks
    • Deploying a smart contract on Matrix AI Network using Truffle (Demo)
    • Create Mining Masternodes in Ubuntu (Linux) with Matrix AI Network
    • Matrix AI Network integration tutorials — Part 1: Converting an ETH address to MAN address (JS, Node
    • Calling a smart contract function (JS, NodeJS)
    • Accessing block info(JS, NodeJS), Beginner level
    • $MAN Staking Guide
    • Create a Portfolio
    • Matrix Mainnet Cross-chain Transfer Guide——BSC
    • Decentralized AI Economy Starts Here
    • How to Issue a Token Using Matrix Smart Contracts
    • How to Check the Validators and Miners of Each Mining Cycle?
    • Android Wallet for Test (III)
    • MANTA Miner Deployment
    • How to Issue a Token Using Matrix Smart Contracts
  • MANAS
    • MANAS—Empower AI with Blockchain
    • MANAS’s Business Model and Proxy Promotion Mechanism
    • MANAS—Make a Better Metaverse
    • MANAS Q&A
    • MANAS Source Code Uploaded to GitHub
    • MANAS Deployed to Matrix Mainnet
  • MANIA
    • MANIA—A New World of the Integration of NFT and AI
    • MANIA AI-Assisted NFT Trading
  • MANTA
    • Empowering Sora with MANTA from Matrix AI Network: Bridging the Computational Divide
    • Guide for Downloading Datasets
    • MANTA Update Announcement
    • Morpheus, intro
    • MANTA主网矿机部署文档
    • MANTA Mainnet Miner Deployment Guide
    • Distributed AutoML Front-end Functions and Panel
    • MANTA—The Brain of Tomorrow’s Metaverse
    • MANTA Miner Deployment
    • MANTA Welcomes Important Partners in Its Tests
  • MATRIX 1.0
  • MATRIX 2.0
  • MATRIX 3.0
    • Development Plan Q1–2025
    • Update to Milestones 4 and 5 of Phase 1
    • Update to Milestone 3
    • MATRIX 3.0 Phase 1 Stage 1 Deliverables — 2
    • MATRIX 3.0 Phase 1 Stage 1 Deliverables — 1
    • Morpheus
    • Avatar Intelligence: The Next Stop in the Web3 World
    • Web3世界的下一站 —— Avatar Intelligence
    • Matrix 3.0 Blueprint and Event Winner Announcement
    • Blueprint
  • Bi-Weekly Reports
    • 2025年5月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of May 2025
    • 2025年4月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of April 2025
    • 2025年4月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of April 2025
    • 2025年3月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of March 2025
    • 2025年3月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of March 2025
    • 2025年2月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of February 2025
    • 2025年2月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of February 2025
    • 2025年1月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of January 2025
    • 2025年1月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of January 2025
    • 2024年12月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of December 2024
    • 2024年12月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of December 2024
    • 2024年11月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of November 2024
    • 2024年11月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of November 2024
    • 2024年10月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of October 2024
    • 2024年10月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of October 2024
    • 2024年9月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of September 2024
    • 2024年9月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of September 2024
    • 2024年8月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of August 2024
    • 2024年8月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of August 2024
    • 2024年7月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of July 2024
    • 2024年7月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of July 2024
    • 2024年6月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of June 2024
    • 2024年6月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of June 2024
    • 2024年5月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of May 2024
    • 2024年5月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of May 2024
    • 2024年4月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of April 2024
    • 2024年4月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of April 2024
    • 2024年3月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of March 2024
    • 2024年3月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of March 2024
    • 2024年2月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of February 2024
    • 2024年2月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of February 2024
    • 2024年1月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of January 2024
    • 2024年1月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of January 2024
    • 2023年12月下半月报
    • 2nd Report Of December 2023
    • 2023年12月上半月报
    • 1st Report Of December 2023
    • 2023年11月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of November 2023
    • 2023年11月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of November 2023
    • 2023年10月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of October 2023
    • 2023年10月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of October 2023
    • 2023年9月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of September 2023
    • 2023年9月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of September 2023
    • 2023年8月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of August 2023
    • 2023年8月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of August 2023
    • 2023年7月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of July 2023
    • 2023年7月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of July 2023
    • 2023年6月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of June 2023
    • 2023年6月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of June 2023
    • 2023年5月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of May 2023
    • 2023年5月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of May 2023
    • 2023年4月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of April 2023
    • 2023年4月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of April 2023
    • 2023年3月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of March 2023
    • 2023年3月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of March 2023
    • 2023年2月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of February 2023
    • 2023年2月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of February 2023
    • 2023年1月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of January 2023
    • 2023年1月上半月报告
    • 1st Report Of January 2023
    • 2022年12月下半月报告
    • 2nd Report Of December 2022
    • 1st Report Of December 2022
    • 2nd Report Of November 2022
    • 1st Report Of November 2022
    • 2nd Report Of October 2022
    • 1st Report Of October 2022
    • 2nd Report Of September 2022
    • 1st Report Of September 2022
    • 2nd Report Of August 2022
    • 1st Report Of August 2022
    • 2nd Report Of July 2022
    • 1st Report Of July 2022
    • 2nd Report Of June 2022
  • AMA
    • October 2023 AMA
    • Sept 2023 AMA
    • MATRIX AMA - MAY 2023
    • Matrix April AMA Transcript
    • Matrix 3.0 Special AMA Transcript
    • AMA 1 on Neuroscience
    • AMA 2 on Neuroscience
    • April 2023 AMA
    • March 2023 AMA
    • MEXC北美AMA成绩单
    • MEXC North America AMA transcript
    • AMA成绩单-神经科学家为矩阵社区回答问题!
    • AMA Transcript - Neuroscientist Answered Questions for Matrix Community!
    • KuCoin Official Arabic Telegram Group Ask-Me-Anything (AMA) [ 3 March]
    • February 2023 AMA
    • KuCoin Official Japanese Telegram Group Ask-Me-Anything (AMA) [20 February]
    • January 2023 AMA
    • December AMA is Live
    • November AMA Transcript
    • October AMA Transcript
    • September AMA Transcript
    • August AMA Transcript
    • July AMA Transcript
    • 2022-06-AMA-Transcripts
  • MATRIX Fact Sheet
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 1-10
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 11-20
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 21-30
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 31-40
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 41-50
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 51-60
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 61-70
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 71-80
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 81-90
    • MATRIX Fact Sheet 91-98
  • Android Wallet
    • Android Wallet for Test (III)
    • Android MAN Wallet For Test (II)
    • Android MAN Wallet For Test
  • CEO’s Message
    • MCP for Distributed AI Agents
    • Integrating MCP into MATRIX Blockchain!
    • Model Context Protocol on Blockchain!
    • Important Remarks from Our CEO
    • New message from Hong Kong!
    • Q1 2025 Development Plan
    • Happy Chinese New Year 2025
    • Strategic Partnership Between MATRIX and Blink.TV
    • New Year's message from Matrix AI Network CEO, Owen TAO!
    • Jehol Capital Foundation takes over ERC-20 MAN tokens
    • MAN will be listed on MEXC
    • 2022 Christmas Message
    • 2022 Mid-Autumn Festival Message
    • Goodbye 2021, Hooray 2022
  • M-Port
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information (IV)
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information (III)
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information (II)
    • M-Port: An AI-Powered DID Platform based on Biometric Information
  • Team
    • Head/Manager of Ecosystem Development
    • Appointment
  • Event
    • Matrix KARMA EVENT: Participate, Contribute, Earn $MAN!
    • Web3 Mentor Naming Contest – Winners Announcement!
    • NeuraMATRIX Open Platform Launch Event Winners Announcement
    • Mid-Autumn Festival Contest Winners Announcement
    • MidAutumn Festival Contest : Capture the Magic of the Full Moon!
    • Give It a Name Contest Winners Announcements
    • AUGUST AMA WORD HUNT EVENT WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • Give It a Name Contest
    • MATRIX AUGUST AMA WORD HUNT EVENT
    • JULY AMA WORD HUNT EVENT WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • MATRIX AWARDED WORD HUNT EVENT
    • The Rewarding PERSONA Test Winners Announcement
    • The Rewarding PERSONA Test: Dive Into AI Innovation!
    • EXCITING ENGAGEMENT COMPETITION WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • EXCITING ENGAGEMENT COMPETITION
    • MATRIX LEARN & EARN EVENT
    • Zealy Giveaway Winners Announcement
    • MATRIX GIVEAWAY EVENT
    • NEW YEAR EVENT WİNNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • New Year Event Begins!
    • MATRIX TELEGRAM CHALLENGE WINNER ANNOUNCEMENT
    • MATRIX TELEGRAM CHALLENGE
    • OCTOBER QUIZ EVENT WINNERS ANNOUNCEMENT
    • OCTOBER QUİZ EVENT
    • Stage One Deliverables Event Winners Announcement
    • Stage One Deliverables Event
    • Guessing Contest Event
    • 📢 We're pleased to announce our Next #AMA with Matrix AI Network at Binance Live On 8 June 2:00 PM
    • Learn how #AI & #VR unlocks new realities in crypto in our next Twitter Space with
    • Join the MATRIX on Zealy.io and Win Big!
    • HK Web 3 Festival
    • AMA with MEXC
    • Matrix AI Network & Neuroscience AMA Question Collection
    • Matrix AI Network Birthday cum Chinese New Year Video & Photo Contest
    • Matrix Ambassador—Knight
    • Ambassador Program
    • Website Update and Bounty Event, Announcement of the Winners
    • New Year's Letter Challenge
  • Morpheus
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第四部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 4)
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第三部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 3)
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第二部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 2)
    • 基于Morpheus的个性化Chatbot平台——Persona(第一部分)
    • Morpheus-based Personalized Chatbot Platform: Persona - Combining EEG Technology for the We(Part 1)
    • We're thrilled to invite you to join us in testing the remarkable Morpheus Upgrade 2.0
    • Unveiling the Matrix AI Network Morpheus Upgrade
    • A Bilingual Pretrained Model Based on MATRIX Mainnet
    • Morpheus Available For Initial Testing
  • Media
    • MATRIX AI Network CEO Owen Tao Shares Vision for Web3, BCI, and AI at Jinse 星享会 in Hong Kong
    • 首席执行官Owen TAO在数字全景峰会上讨论Web3中的人工智能和BCI
    • CEO Owen TAO Discusses AI and BCI in Web3 at Digital Panorama Summit
    • Matrix AI Network and DEPIN
    • Blending neuroscience with AI on blockchain: Matrix AI Network and NeuraMatrix partnership
  • 3.0/Neuroscience
    • NeuraMatrix – The Better Neural Link for MetaVerse
    • NeuraMatrix – A Better Neural Link for the Metaverse
    • NeuraMatrix – The Better Neural Link for MetaVerse
    • NeuraMatrix – A Better Neural Link for the Metaverse
  • Intelligent Contract
    • Advancements of Intelligent Contract Version 2
    • 智慧合约里程碑交付
    • Intelligent Contract Milestone Update:
    • Revolutionizing Smart Contract Development with Accessibility and Security
    • Intelligent Contract Testing: Explore the Future of Smart Contracts
    • 智能合约
    • Intelligent Contract
  • DEPIN
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (4/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (4/4)
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (3/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (3/4)
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (2/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (2/4)
    • MATRIX——专为AI服务的全球分布式资源共享网络 (1/4)
    • Empowering the AI Revolution: The Global Distributed Resource Network of MATRIX (1/4)
  • AI Agent
    • Contextus: The Context Management and Routing Hub of MATRIX (3/3)
    • Contextus:MATRIX 的上下文管理与路由中枢(3/3)
    • Contextus: The Context Management and Routing Hub of MATRIX (2/3)
    • Contextus:MATRIX 的上下文管理与路由中枢(2/3)
    • Contextus: The Context Management and Routing Hub of MATRIX (1/3)
    • Contextus:MATRIX 的上下文管理与路由中枢(1/3)
    • Your ultimate web3 guide MANTOR is LIVE!
    • Give It a Name Contest – Help Us Name Our AI Agent Web3 Mentor!
    • How Can Web3 Mentor Help You?
    • MATRIX’s AI Agent Core Modules
    • The Matrix's first AI Agent is on the way!
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 4)
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 3)
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 2)
    • AI Agents Empowered by Morpheus and Their Role in Advancing Avatar Intelligence (Part 1)
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  • 侵入式脑机接口:神经芯片解读精细运动信号
  • 侵入式脑机接口的诞生
  • 侵入式脑机接口的挑战
  1. General

从霍金到黑客帝国——让科幻电影照进现实 (3)

PreviousFrom Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (4)NextFrom Stephen Hawking to Matrix: Making Science Fiction Come True (3)

Last updated 2 years ago

侵入式脑机接口:神经芯片解读精细运动信号

既然脑电信号不够精准,不够稳定,为什么不把神经传感器放进脑内,去探测和记录每一个运动神经细胞的活动,做一个长期植入“一劳永逸”的脑机接口呢?1998年,美国创业公司Neural Signals的创始人Philip Kennedy开始尝试在人脑中植入微电极,记录运动区的神经细胞放电,希望帮助一位完全丧失运动能力的残疾人恢复与外界的交流。因为电极数目限制,他的实验展示了可能性,但解读信号的准确率远没有达到实用要求。他的初步研究以及60年代Grey Walter医生的勇敢尝试,启发了一批从事运动功能神经电生理研究的学者,其中包括布朗大学John Donoghue、匹兹堡大学Andrew Schwartz、杜克大学Miguel Nicolelis、伯克利大学的Jose Carmena等。他们都曾长期从事灵长类运动神经电生理的研究,对于猴子大脑运动皮层神经细胞控制上肢运动的规律,有着深入的理解。上面我们提到手脚运动是由对侧的感觉运动带控制的,这只是个宏观的规律,进一步的问题是,手脚运动的方向、加速度、力量等这些参数是如何通过感觉运动带的神经细胞活动来编码的?

这个问题的研究可以一直追溯到现代神经科学的奠基人、1932年诺贝尔奖获得者Charles Sherrington。他发现肌肉的控制是由脊髓中的运动神经细胞协同完成的,并非简单的一对一的控制。这个协同编码( Population Coding )的思想启发了后来的大脑运动皮层神经编码的研究,特别是1980年代初,Apostolos Georgopoulos等人发现运动皮层神经细胞是用一种“民主投票”的方式协同编码手臂的运动方向的。如果把这些神经细胞的放电活动用向量来表示,向量的方向是这个细胞的喜好方向,向量的长度是每秒钟的放电次数(发放率),把所有能记录到的细胞的“放电向量” 用向量求和的方式加起来,得到的向量方向就是手臂要去的目标方向。

侵入式脑机接口的诞生

最初的侵入式脑机接口研究是在”训练有素“的猴子身上进行的。2002年Donoghue实验室的猴子可以用自己运动脑区的神经细胞活动控制计算机屏幕上的目标在二维平面自由移动,随后Schwartz实验室的猴子通过类似的脑机接口可以在三维空间做到自由控制,杜克大学Nicolelis实验室的猴子甚至可以遥控远在MIT的机械臂。随着电极植入技术和神经活动解读方法越来越精准,猴子可以通过脑机接口控制的参数个数越来越多。到了2008年,Schwartz实验室的猴子可以做到自如控制机械臂的10个自由度,并且用完全脑控的方式操作机械臂拿到了棉花糖喂自己,这向人们展示了侵入式脑机接口用于残疾人控制假肢的美好前景。

从灵长类到人类侵入式脑机接口的发展,应该感谢三位勇敢的重度残疾人。第一位是高位截瘫的病人Matthew Nagle,2006年他同意在自己的大脑运动皮层对应手部控制的区域植入了一个100通道的微电极阵列,这个电极阵列连接到Donoghue实验室研发的BrainGate脑机接口系统,实现了用“思维”控制屏幕光标,打开邮件,甚至玩乒乓游戏。不幸的是,第二年Matthew因为感染去世。第二位是Cathy Hutchinson,她因为中风丧失了运动能力,在BrainGate第二代脑机接口系统的帮助下,她在2012年控制机械手端起咖啡送到自己嘴边,开心地喝了一口,这是她中风15年来第一次。第三位是因为车祸截瘫的病人Ian Burkhart, 2016年在BrainGate第二代系统的帮助下,他的运动神经信号被翻译成电脉冲,来驱动他手臂上的肌肉刺激电极,让手臂肌肉按照自己的意愿重新活动起来,完成抓握、转腕、搅拌等动作,甚至可以弹两下吉他。过去15年,侵入式脑机接口取得了从“猴”到“人”的进步,除了神经科学家、生物医学工程师,神经外科大夫也在其中发挥了重要的作用,这三例临床实验涉及的技术细节非常复杂,无一例外都是这三方面研究者的团队合作。

侵入式脑机接口的挑战

看到这些激动人心的研究成果,大家也许会觉得侵入式脑机接口技术已经非常完美,临床应用已经近在咫尺,实则不然。到目前为止,已有15-20位重度残疾人参加侵入式脑机接口的临床实验,都碰到了一个难以攻克的问题:植入电极因为神经胶质细胞的包裹而逐渐失效,无法继续记录神经细胞的放电活动。上述临床实验中采用的都是犹他电极阵列(Utah Array),虽然只有4x4毫米,但上面的100个硅电极微针是要穿透大脑表面,插入神经细胞之间,才能记录到神经放电信号,必然会造成神经胶质细胞的炎症反应。最糟糕的情况下,2-3个月这些电极就会逐渐实效,长一点可以坚持2-3年,但信号质量逐渐下降,脑机接口系统的工作性能也随之下降。如果这个问题不能很好解决,长期植入就无法实现,每2-3年做一次手术更换电极的代价太大。除此以外,神经信号的无线传输也是个难题。以上这些临床研究都在病人头部安装了有线的“插头”,来传送神经信号和供电,这大大增加了感染的风险。针对这两个难题,科学家考虑了很多办法,例如通过在电极表面增加抗炎因子来减轻胶质细胞的反应;无线低功耗的神经芯片也在研制当中,甚至有人提出采用纳米尘埃扩散到神经细胞周围去形成神经尘埃(Neural Dust),通过超声供电来获取神经信号等等。

为了解决这两个难题,2013年提出一种新的微创脑机接口思路:把神经电极只是埋入大脑皮层表面,不穿透皮层,通过少数几个电极的场电位,而不是神经放电活动,来建立脑机接口。这样可以避免神经胶质细胞的炎症反映和包裹,同时因为电极数目少,信号采样率低,可以很容易地实现无线采集和供电。这样的微创方案获取的神经信息要少于电极阵列,但长期可靠性强。为此,我们设计了一种新的脑机接口打字方法,把电极放在视觉脑区处理运动物体的高级区域,用这个区域内60赫兹以上的高频率场电位变化来分辨病人的注意力焦点,从而实现快速准确、长期稳定的脑电打字。

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